Non-invasive load measurement in the human tibia via spectral analysis of flexural waves

arXiv:2511.06140v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Forces transmitted by bones are routinely studied in human biomechanics, but it is challenging to measure them non-invasively, especially outside of laboratory settings. We introduce a technique for non-invasive, in vivo measurement of tibial compressive force using flexural waves propagating in the tibia. Modelling the tibia as an axially compressed Euler-Bernoulli beam, we show that tibial flexural waves have load-dependent frequency spectra....